Teaching Techniques in Special Education Essay - 2317 Words

Teaching Techniques in Special Education In the past two decades many changes have been made in education. Many of these changes have occurred in the special education area. There has been an increase in the number of students who need services in many different areas. Due to the vast array of ability levels and disabilities among students with special needs the teaching techniques and methods used in the classroom must also vary greatly. This is important to effectively facilitate a child’s needs and learning style. Many things have to occur in order to correctly place a child in their class. The child may not be progressing as expected for some reason. This would trigger a teacher or parent to raise his or her concerns. Once this†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Inclusion considers that all students are full members of the school community and are entitled to the opportunities and responsibilities that are available to all students in the school.† (Newhorizons.org, 2002) In an inclusion classroom the child is in a â€Å"regular† classroom and has their individual needs met there. The next type of classroom is where a child will spend half a day in a regular classroom and the other half in a resource room or special education class. The next would be that the child is in a full special education class or an adaptive classroom or functional classroom. The most restrictive environment a child can be placed in is a level five school, which is where full special education services are provided. An IEP also includes services to be provided to the student. Each child may or may not need all or any of the options. One service that a child may need is a Physical Therapist, to work on his or her individual needs to strengthen muscles or physical activity capabilities. Access to an Occupational Therapist may be provided through school as well. With an Occupational Therapist the child will work on enhancing his or her fine motor skills. This may include self-help skills, activities of daily living, and sensory integration issues. The child’s IEP may also recommend a Speech Therapist to work on their language development; this may be receptive language orShow MoreRelatedChallenges of Teaching Students with Ebd1237 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: CHALLENGES OF TEACHING STUDENTS WITH EBD Challenges of Teaching Students with EBD Laura Shupe Grand Canyon University: SPE-558 January 23, 2013 Education is an important factor of life that is a foundation of intellectual development and intelligence that shapes the futures of all students. There are students with disorders and disabilities who display hardships and delays in education that require different approaches and special teaching strategies. Students withRead More Educational Goals and Philosophy Essay785 Words   |  4 PagesEducational Goals and Philosophy Teaching has always been an honorable and valued profession. With teaching you instill the knowledge and values that the student will take with them throughout life. I have volunteered at the elementary school with my children and have enjoyed watching the encouragement and nurturing of these teachers towards their students. I felt that I have the ability to nurture and share in the wonderment of the knowledge that prevails around us. To achieve this goalRead MoreTeaching Methods For Students With Disabilities Essay1487 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: In recent decades, more and more schools are including special education in a general classroom setting. The subject of this inclusion has been placed on the forefront of not only the educational system but also on public consciousness. Still, there are debating questions that plague this very subject. What teaching techniques are being implemented to include students with disabilities in a general education setting? Many techniques have been implemented in the attempts to include students withRead MoreTeaching Practices For Student Centered Teaching Essay1443 Words   |  6 PagesEducators in secondary education public schools have adopted new methods in the delivery of instruction as a response to the increase in the number of students per classroom, the increase in ethnic diversity among students, and the inclusion of special education students in general education classrooms. These methods include collaborative teaching practices that incorporate a joint effort among educators t o ensure that students gain a more productive and effective learning experience while in schoolRead MoreThe Effect Of Readiness Level And Social Presence On The Online Learning Environment Essay1065 Words   |  5 Pagesof research and given areas for further study. 2.1.1 Distance Education The development knowledge, the progress, complexity of human life, and the present nature of technology joined with the worldwide development need to embrace the most effective methods and formats of teaching and learning. Learning online is fast becoming an important part of higher education. A technology that has seen every aspect of our life has changed teaching and learning. Nowadays, the expansion of the web and thereforeRead MoreInclussive Teaching Essay1110 Words   |  5 Pagesthe inclusive education, with a greater number from poorer countries failing to attend schools while the others from rich countries attending classes but ends up leaving unworthy qualifications (Ainscow, 2). Disabled students have the right to good education and feel free to interact with others in classrooms which help them to get rid of loneliness and therefore reducing the stresses. Research question From the research question, the argument is about the children with special needs having differentRead MoreCollaborative Teaching And Inclusive Education1495 Words   |  6 PagesSpecial education settings provide an exclusive service to students who are physically or mentally challenged. There are many creative, and innovative teaching approaches and techniques developed these days to facilitate learners with special needs. Focusing to expand their learning outcomes I have decided to choose Collaborative Teaching and Inclusive Education as the most effective evidence-based strategy. As a matter of fact, the understandings and mastering of the strategies are crucial beforeRead MoreI Am Observing For The After School Action Program Essay1724 Words   |  7 Pagesapproximately 12 students, which 4 students have learning disabilities. Research has been conducted by my observation of various techniques implemented for the inclusion of these students. During my observation, several appr oaches have been used with success in retaining students understanding of the material being presented. First, as a student whose major is ECL-6 Special Education, I want to study different approaches to which teachers implement on students with disabilities. Secondly, as I continue toRead MoreThe History and Outlooks and a Job in Special Education1486 Words   |  6 PagesSpecial Education Teaching students with special needs is highly rewarding. â€Å"Every child deserves a champion- an adult who will never give up on them, who understands the power of connection, and insists that they become the best they can possibly be.† (Pierson). Special education teachers work with and serve as a mentor to students who have a wide range of learning, mental, emotional and physical disabilities. The history of special education dates back to Europe in the early 16th century. SpecialRead MoreSchools In The Present-Day Society Are Constantly Shifting1294 Words   |  6 Pagesthan any other area. To have inclusion implemented correctly is important for the teaching staff, parents and school administrators to learn the proper translation of what inclusion means. Inclusion in classrooms means that a student with a learning disability or special needs spends most if not all their instruction time in a general classroom rather than an individualized classroom. Even though the special education student isn t in their normal self-contained classroom, they will still get proper

Customer Relationship of E-Commerce Companies-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Customer Relationship Management Strategy of E-Commerce Companies. Answer: Introduction The Amazon Company is one of the largest and the first e-commerce company in the world with its base in Seattle. The company started to market the products through the internet in the year 1995 and was one of the biggest companies at that point of time. The company also has subsidiaries, which are Alexa Internet and IMDB. The company also offers various types of new, used and refurbished products (Amazon.com, 2017). The company is famous for its bookstores, as it provides various kinds of book items, which caters to the different kinds of customers on a global basis. The company employs more than 1600 people, which helps in satisfying the customers globally. The primary mission of the company is to orient themselves for the customers so that they can provide them maximum satisfaction by providing the products. The company has a high level of customer loyalty, which can be measured through the various factors such as hesitation of the customers in changing the company and the prompt action of the customers to purchase the products from their portal (Kantor and Stritfeld 2015). Customer Relationship The combination of the hardware and software along with the commitment in improving the services for the customers so that they can be retained within the company. This process is known as Customer Relationship Management (CRM). This process helps in managing the relationship between the company and the customers so that the mutual exchange of the products and services will help in maximizing the profits of the company (Hollensen 2015). The buildup of strong relationships with the customers helps the companies to be successful, as it helps them in providing the goods and services according to the tastes and preferences of the customers. The building of relationships with the customers is important for the company, as it helps them in determining the prices and the quality of the products and services (Khodakarami and Chan 2014). Objective of the project The objective of the project would be to analyze the various strategies that have been adopted by the e-commerce giant, Amazon, which has helped them in maintaining the relationship with its customers. These strategies have helped them in growing as an international brand and will be compared with another company, Alibaba, which has failed to adopt these strategies. Scope of the project The study will help in gaining a better insight about the strategies that needs to be adopted by the e-commerce companies so that they can maintain an effective relationship with the customers. Literature review Relationship marketing According to Choudhury and Harrigan (2014), this type of marketing helps the companies in maintaining a better relationship with the customers so that the organizations can have a better understanding of the needs and preferences of the customers. The companies need to maintain a long-term relationship with the customers, which need to be based on better quality of the products and the innovation that is taking place on a constant manner. The relationship marketing plays an important role for the companies so that they can be focused and offers best quality products and services to the customers. Setting a destination Amazon is known to set its goals and objectives in a better manner so that they can maintain the relationship with the customers in an efficient manner. Amazon, on the first place uses Customer Relationship Management in identifying the short-term objectives so that the long-term goals of the company can be met. The company simplifies the goals so that they can be achieved in an efficient manner and even keeping place for flexibility (Navimipour and Soltani 2016). Alibaba, on the other hand does not break down the objectives in a simple way, which can be achievable within a short span of time. The complexity of the objectives that are being set within the organization has made it impossible for the company to reach out to its customers in a proper manner. Customer Priority It is necessary for all companies to treat their customers in an equal manner. Amazon is successful due to the fact that they treat their customers equally. This has led to the belief that the customers never change their platforms that have been benefitted by this company. The company makes it a point to provide the customers with the products that they have ordered along with the option of exchanging it if they do not like the product. The customers can exchange the product within the stipulated time in a hassle-free manner, which has helped the company in earning goodwill in the competitive market (Tseng and Wu 2014). These things need to be kept in mind by the Alibaba group as well if they want to manage the customers in a better manner. The company has a provision of exchanging the products, if the customers do not like them but the process is long, as they do not have enough labor in carrying out the processes. The exchange policy that the company offers is within a fixed number of days and the process is long. This has led to the customers in shifting their platforms, as they have lost their faith in the company (Holal et al. 2014). Communication with employees According to Stein, Smith and Lancioni (2013), the Amazon company tries to maintain healthy relationship with its employees so that their morale can be boosted up, which will help in serving the customers in an efficient manner. The employees will be the persons who will meet with the customers while delivering or exchanging the products. The company needs to communicate with the employees so that they can provide the feedbacks of the customers to the company directly in a proper manner. This will help the company in serving the customers in a better manner. The employees of the company are also given the freedom to formulate new policies that may help in increasing the profitability of the firm. The authors Goetsch and Davis (2014) stated that the communication pattern in Alibaba group is hierarchical in nature. The upper management makes all the decisions that need to be followed by the employees, which causes problems within the organization. The feedbacks that are provided by the employees are not taken in to account by the company, which has created a negative impact within the company. Changes in the system According to Wijenayaka, Perera and Sanjeewa (2015), Amazon is always on the lookout in trying to innovate their systems on a constant manner so that they can deliver ultimate satisfaction to the customers. This helps them in adapting to the changes and follows the latest trends that will help the company in maximizing its profits and satisfy the consumers. If any new changes are bought within the organization, the management sees that the changes affect the company in a positive manner so that the employees can manage the systems in an efficient way. The other company that is Alibaba follows a traditional approach and does not implement the new technologies that will help them in managing the work in an organized manner. This has led to chaos within the organization, as the employees are unaware of the new changes that may help them in serving the company in an efficient manner and provide valuable feedbacks to the management that they will receive from the customers. Linking with CRM According to Armstrong et al. (2014), the primary motto of Amazon is to satisfy the customers by giving them the maximum satisfaction when they purchase the products or services that are being offered by the company. the company makes it a point to inform their stakeholders whenever there is a new change that has been adopted within the organization. This helps them in maintaining a relationship that is free flowing with the customers. The appointments with the clients are done by setting reminders so that the company can spend time with them and receive feedbacks, which will help them in changing the policies so that it can operate in a better way. Alibaba, on the other hand focuses mainly on increasing its profits by selling more number of products. This has left no growth strategies with respect to adopting new changes within their system. The employees are not motivated in providing better feedbacks to the company regarding the complaints of the customers so that they can be served in a better way. The necessary information about the products are not communicated properly to the stakeholders, which has resulted in a lack of interest from their perspective. Tracking the customers According to Wynn et al. (2016), to maintain a healthy customer relationship, Amazon tries to keep a track of the customers when they shop from their company for the first time. The customers receive various types of information on their phones and mails, which helps them in receiving updates on a constant manner. This helps the consumers in getting the valuable information regarding the offers and discounts that are given by the company. The customers are also able to provide valuable feedbacks to the company through phones and via emails. Alibaba, on the other hand tries to help its customers by providing information to the customers after they have shopped from them for the first time but the information that the company provides to them is vague in nature. The customers have pointed out that there are hidden costs in it, which they have to bear after the purchase has been done. This has led to the trust issue of the customers with the company and most of them are shifting their platforms to other online shopping portals (Lal and Bharadwaj 2015). Improving after evaluating Payne and Frow (2013) stated that Amazon tries to improve its relation with the customers after evaluating the methods, which would help in serving the customers in a better way. This helps the company to change its goals and objectives from time to time, as it tries to deliver the best services to the customers. This helps the company in identifying its weaknesses that may cause hindrances in building better relationship with the customers. The other company that is Alibaba does not use the process of evaluating their methods, as the primary aim of the company is to gain profits, which will help them to grow in numbers. This has caused problems within the internal structure of the organization, which has led to a conflict among the employees. The scope of improvement within the company is less, which is why the employees are opting out of the organization. Recommendations It is seen that the Amazon Company is serving in a proper manner and is maintaining the responsibilities with respect to the relationships with the customers. The feedbacks of the customers are taken in to account by the company, which has helped them in improving their services. The adoption of new strategies by the company will help the company in performing better within the competitive market so that they can have a competitive advantage over the rival firms such as eBay. The company needs to use an updated method so that they can track their customers after they place the first order. This will help the company in following the purchasing patterns of the customers, which in turn will help the company by providing them with the choice of goods and items that the customers may be interested in buying. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that the Alibaba group needs to use better methods in tackling the customers so that it can help in building relationship with them. Amazon on the other hand, has used these techniques in a skillful manner, which has helped them in maintaining relationships with the customers. The use of the modern methods and applications has been beneficial for the company in gaining a better understanding of the relationship process that can exist with the customers. Reference List Amazon.com. 2017.Amazon.com: Online Shopping for Electronics, Apparel, Computers, Books, DVDs more. [online] Available at: https://www.amazon.com/ [Accessed 16 Aug. 2017]. Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S. and Kotler, P., 2014.Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Choudhury, M.M. and Harrigan, P., 2014. CRM to social CRM: the integration of new technologies into customer relationship management.Journal of Strategic Marketing,22(2), pp.149-176. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Holal, S.K., Choudhuri, C., Kamath, A.N. and Sahu, M.K., Talisma Corporation Private Ltd., 2014.Unified view of short message service (SMS) interaction history with other channel messages based on case identifier in a customer relationship management (CRM) application. U.S. Patent 8,660,590. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Kantor, J. and Streitfeld, D., 2015. Inside Amazon: Wrestling big ideas in a bruising workplace.New York Times,15, pp.74-80. Khodakarami, F. and Chan, Y.E., 2014. Exploring the role of customer relationship management (CRM) systems in customer knowledge creation.Information Management,51(1), pp.27-42. Lal, P. and Bharadwaj, S.S., 2015. Assessing the performance of cloud-based customer relationship management systems.Skyline Business Journal,11(1), pp.89-101. Mohammed, A.A., Rashid, B.B. and Tahir, S.B., 2014. Customer relationship management (CRM) Technology and organization performance: is marketing capability a missing link? an empirical study in the malaysian hotel industry.Asian Social Science,10(9), p.197. Navimipour, N.J. and Soltani, Z., 2016. The impact of cost, technology acceptance and employees' satisfaction on the effectiveness of the electronic customer relationship management systems.Computers in Human Behavior,55, pp.1052-1066. Payne, A. and Frow, P., 2013.Strategic customer management: Integrating relationship marketing and CRM. Cambridge University Press. Stein, A.D., Smith, M.F. and Lancioni, R.A., 2013. The development and diffusion of customer relationship management (CRM) intelligence in business-to-business environments.Industrial Marketing Management,42(6), pp.855-861. Tseng, S.M. and Wu, P.H., 2014. The impact of customer knowledge and customer relationship management on service quality.International journal of quality and service sciences,6(1), pp.77-96. Wijenayaka, H.M.D.S., Perera, D.A.M. and Sanjeewa, W.S., 2015. Assessing Customer Relationship Management Strategies for Creating Customer Loyalty in Insurance Industry.Management, Social Sciences and Humanities, p.204. Wynn, M., Turner, P., Banik, A. and Duckworth, G., 2016. The impact of customer relationship management systems in small business enterprises.Strategic Change,25(6), pp.659-674.

Applied Ethics free essay sample

To begin with, we have to point out that under which situation is permissible to use animals for human sake. We believe we can only use animals when it exerts constructive and affirmative influence to human beings which means it might save lives and enhance the quality of living on a general basis and most importantly, when there is no existing alternative. Using animals medically for human sake is morally permissible and justified and will be illustrated in a moment. Even though we do agree that animals have moral sense and value like Frey’s view â€Å"animals have moral standing and so are members of the moral community and . . . their lives have value. † , we still think it is morally permissible to use animals for experimentation. Nowadays, human is the one that dominant and the main character in the world, therefore we agree Frey’s view â€Å"human lives, on average, have â€Å"a higher value than the lives of most animals. We will write a custom essay sample on Applied Ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † Although animals also have the moral standing and value, the life of human is more important than animals in our common sense. It is impossible for human to use human in the experimentation when there is other creature similar to human body structure. Also, the reason of using animals in experimentation is to explore new medical methods to enhance the living standard of human life. It is contradictive to require human not to use animals instead of human in the experimentation. Under this circumstance, using animals for medical purpose is acceptable. However, when using animals, human must consider animals’ suffer during the experimentation, human need to do as much as possible to reduce animals’ suffer in order to respect animals’ sacrifice. Nevertheless, Frey’s view that because of human arrogance, therefore human think they are superior to animals and use animals medically for human sake is not reasonable. The reason of human using animals in experimentation is that there is no other method to do the research about gene, cell, etc. Human can only obtain results by testing animals. If there is â€Å"sense of arrogance† in human, then there should be no animal testing regulations like â€Å"3Rs principle† by William M. S. Russell in the world. In fact, for those countries which having the animals testing, they all have the regulations like controlling the number of times individual animals may be used. No matter the regulations are perfect or not, it is obvious that human is not holding the sense of arrogance when using animals. Otherwise, human would not set up those regulations to reduce the degree of suffering of animals. Although the majority of human beings hold the speciesism view, it exists in the kingdom of animals too. There is a gap between each species of animals. Animals occupy different level of morality. The â€Å"higher† animals will hunt the â€Å"lower† animals in order to survive. It is a natural phenomenon and rationale. Then, human utilize animals for experimentation not because they discriminate or look down on other species, but it comes with the sake that human want to survive, therefore they use animals. The opponents would challenge that under any situation, humans’ pain should not be built on animals’ well-being. Humans also have no reason to say that saving human life is in the priority of the live of animals. In this case, animals also should not use plants to heal wound when they are injured since animals do not have the right to use the plants in the purpose of remedy. Then, it means human can only utilize human in any case, and this principle should be also applied in animals and plants when each species do not own the right to use other species for any reason. If this assumption is wrong, then opponents cannot argue that human build their happiness on animals’ pain when there is no choice for human to study new medical method. Besides, there are only organisms and non- organisms on the planet, when human cannot use non- organism for scientific purpose, humans can merely use living organism other than human in the experimentation for medical purpose. In view of scientists, experiments involving animals use for medical purpose is unavoidable at many stages. While the possibility of arising and inventing other substitute to replace animals remains relatively low, options other than the use of animals are rather impossible. To replace animals with humans for medical use at early stage is impossible as confined by FDA( Food and Drug Association), for example, drug development. Two major steps are involved which are, firstly, the preclinical development and later one clinical trials. While preclinical development is to conduct research and laboratory tests on animals and organisms, clinical trials is collect data on safety and efficiency of a new-developed drug with health intervention for humans. The sequence of performing the aforementioned two steps cannot be reversed in order to ensure a satisfactory level of safety and effectiveness of the drug for humans. Humans possess a significantly more complex health system than animals do. An outsider does not easily comprehend how difficult it is to avoid zero mistakes for humans after taking new drugs. That’s why, in case humans substitute animals for medical tests, the development and the discovery of a new drug needs several decades to be completed as scientists potentially bear the risk to kill a person, however, not a save a person. A scientist bears the duty to avoid the animals in the laboratory tests to suffer needlessly pain, for example, to help a rabbit heal more quickly. When an animal gets involved in a test or experiment, it is highlighted that that animal must not necessarily to be killed. Sometimes, animals were needed to extract vaccine for further culture or even for observations only. That’s why it is stressed that the severity of using animals for experiment might not be as bad as others suggested. The possibility of technological assimilation remained very low. While the current medical technology is advancing at an unanticipated level, a complete substitution of animals test with computers software is infeasible. A human biological system is extremely sophisticated with altogether 12 complex body systems cooperating with each other. It is unworkable to utilize computer software, equations and formulas to assimilate the respond of real human beings. Another critical reason to use animals for laboratory test is the significantly shorter life cycle of animals. Humans usually share the similar life cycle duration of approximately 80 years of time, varying between races, thus it is not difficult to come up with an easy question: how long we need to wait to obtain the satisfactory level of influence of drugs? On a general basis, scientists need at least or around ten years of time to develop a new drug with assistance of animals laboratory tests. Perhaps a scientist need to develop the drug or technique with the rest of his/her life in case the animals use is forbidden. To further illustrate above reasoning, preclinical tests can be taken on living objects which means dead object like computers are not included. Living objects are required for observation and collecting real data. Their esponse towards a drug or treatment‘s influence will be explored and studied to further manipulate the dose or to ameliorate the formula. Without such crucial information, further steps in developing a new drug will be enormously hindered. It has been argued that animals and humans possess a vast degree of dissimilarity, as a result, the use of animals for medical research may lead to inaccuracy and doubtful reliability. The later stages of development might even cause irreversible tragedies, such as toxicity and complications in humans. However, scientists and laboratory technicians, at this stage of biotechnology, already possess the knowledge to differentiate what kinds of animals to use for particular aim of a medical research, for example, invertebrates should not be used for developing drugs for human as diseases in invertebrates are very different from humans. Hence, concerns for misusing animals for lab tests and inaccuracy should be eliminated. Reduction in numbers involving animals’ tests, however, should be highlighted. The refinement and alleviation of suffering of animals brought by lab tests are being endorsed and advocated. It is generally agreed that the needlessly pain experienced by animals should be completely avoided as human’s medical advancement should not be built on animals’ suffering. For a human to ensure a animal test being carried out justifiably, extra considerations should be given to alleviate one’s pain during the test, for instance, after the extraction of vaccine from rabbit, medicine could be dispensed for the sake of quick healing and avoid infection. To conclude, sacrificing animals for medically reason is unavoidable at this stage of technology. Focus should be shifted to enhancing the quality of living and preserving the dignity of animals as a whole. Striking a balance will be a lesson to explore in the future. In light of a foreseeable medical advancement, using animals for human sake is ethically permissible and warranted.

Language Maintenance, Language Death Essay

Language Maintenance, Language Death Essay Language Maintenance, Shift, and Death Sociology Essay Language Maintenance, Shift, and Death Sociology Essay Language is a complex phenomenon, which unites all human beings and impacts their cognitive and communication processes. The ability to communicate with complex signals, which are incorporated in various languages, significantly differentiates humans from other types of living beings on the planet. Apparently, language factor is one of the most important features for any civilization. The reason for this assumption is that language fosters cognitive processes and enables operation with complex and abstract notions. Moreover, the ability to communicate with the help of advanced language systems allows transforming abstract notions into more concrete objects. Thus, enhanced abstract and concrete thinking together with communication enables to create such societies and conditions for their living as cities. Consequently, numerous sciences study the phenomenon of language aiming at defining its basic concepts, systemic features, and other aspects. Currently, it is the object of interest for psychology, linguistics, sociology, history, and other branches of science including their broad range of narrower sub-branches. Furthermore, current reality and history of languages show that they undergo different processes, which include changes in their lexis and systemic structure. Among the most significant aspects demonstrating these processes are language maintenance, language shift, and language death. Thus, this paper investigates these phenomena characterizing them and giving specific examples for them. It is evident that language maintenance, language shift, and language death are the most significant aspects for sociolinguistics. Their analysis would enhance the general understanding of their role for sociolinguistics as well as for such branches as cognitive psychology and history of languages. The Phenomenon of Language Before characterizing the processes, which influence the development and the decay of language systems, one has to characterize the language phenomenon generally and from the position of sociolinguistics. Thus, the language is a systemic phenomenon, which involves the usage of different signs in terms of social agreement. Malathi (2015) defines language as â€Å"the communicative means of man, which plays a great part in our life and distinguishes man from the animals.† Moreover, the scholar claims that any current language is the result of the historical movement, and it changes throughout thousands of years (Malathi, 2015). The amount of languages in the world is constantly changing because of social and other interactive reasons. In the contemporary world, it is estimated that there are about 7,000 different languages with 90% of them used by less than 100,000 people (â€Å"Languages of the world – Interesting facts about languages†, 2014). What is more, schol ars indicate that about 46 languages have only one speaker whereas the majority of humanity speaks about 150-200 languages. The reasons for such statistics vary, but they are inevitably connected with the phenomena of language maintenance, shift, and death. Each language is characterized by structure and its vocabulary filling. Studies indicate that the most part of languages have similar grammatical structure even if they significantly differ in terms of vocabulary and are spoken on different continents (â€Å"Languages of the world – Interesting facts about languages†, 2014). One of the critical aspects of any language is its ability to change depending on various internal and external factors. Language changes occure constantly and involve its every level, which may include phonetic, graphic, lexical, grammatical, and other issues (Malathi, 2015). In their turn, language studies can be performed by means of comparing related but different languages existing at the s ame period of time. Likewise, language studies may focus on historical context comparing one language to another throughout their different stages of historical development. It is evident that many changes in languages reflect their general tendency for the development of more abstract and universal systems (Malathi, 2015). Thus, language maintenance, shift, and even death are the results of this tendency aiming at reaching versatility of the peculiar language system. Language Maintenance and Language Shift First, there is a need for the characteristics of language maintenance and language shift, as they are one of the basic aspects, which characterize any language system. Thus, the studying of these issues is connected with the relationship between the change of stability in habitual language use and ongoing psychological, social, and cultural processes (Fishman, 2013). Subsequently, language maintenance is the factor, which preserves a system of a particular language in its stable state and restrains the influence of exterior factors. Despite the fact it is impossible to completely bypass any of the exterior changes, it preserves the core of the language system allowing it to function without significant transformations. A peculiar feature of contemporary linguistics is that is puts particular stress on the social, political, cultural, and linguistic phenomena of heritage language maintenance and loss (Gonzalez, 2015). The reason for this is that the modern world has a variety of comm unities, which are characterized by the coexistence of the speakers of different languages. Therefore, there is a danger of losing identity of any particular language because of such active interaction. As characterized by the scholars, the exposure of the discussed phenomena may be observed in the case of coexistence of two linguistically distinguishable populations in contact (Malathi, 2015). Consequently, constant interaction causes the speakers to adopt peculiar grammar structures or lexemes, thus shifting the identity of their language. One of the examples studying the phenomena of language maintenance and shift explores the existence of the Slovenian minority group in one of the regions in northern Italy. Thus, as it was explored by the study of Jagodic (2011), the investigated processes among the Slovenian speakers revealed a persistent degree of language shift. As it was reported by the author, â€Å"the analysis of the language use patterns among the Slovenian community me mbers, presented in the first section, has clearly revealed a slow, yet progressive advancing of the processes of the shift towards the use of the Italian language.† The implications of this study advise the community members about establishing activities aimed at language maintenance within the targeted community. Moreover, it is evident that similar investigations addressing the issues of language maintenance and language shift indicate the fact that minor language communities are endangered by the bigger neighbors. The reason for the fears associated with this phenomenon is that any language is regarded as the core of culture and the basic cultural value (Bradley, Bradley, 2013). Therefore, analyzed issues are relevant for the communities having bilingualism and coexistence of minor and major language populations. Likewise, similar shifts may be observed if minor cultures experience difficulties with mastering their own languages whereas the neighboring language of a major culture is easier to learn. Moreover, such relations can be noticed in case the society supports, tolerates, or represses language minorities for their languages (Bradley, Bradley, 2013). Thus, the tendencies of language shift are observed in the case of Italians’ and Catalonians’ coexisting. The result of th is coexistence is that despite former historical opposition between Catalan and Italic communities, the Catalan society has become mostly Spanish-speaking (Newman, Trenchs-Parera, 2015). Likewise, similar historical processes can be detected in the case of the English language history. Thus, Knooihuizen (2015) claims that despite the coexistence of Cornish English, Manx English, and Shetland Scots in Early Modern English period, they had an overall tendency towards unification. The result of this process was becoming of some grammatical forms and lexemes more common, whereas the others were substituted actualizing the scenario of standardization through language shift. Therefore, gradually, various dialects coexisting in Early Modern English period lost their varieties when facing the reality of the predominant language standard. On the contrary, there are cases in history when English was driven out from certain communities since it was the feature of minor social groups. Such case is described in the study of Perez (2015), who investigates the reasons for social rejection of the English language by the inhabitants of Paraguays New Australia. The scholar argues about the fact that at the end of the 20th century, almost 600 colonizers from the UK and Australia settled in Paraguay (Perez, 2015). Their initial goal was setting up the society of pure English-speakers. However, the sociolinguistic history of the community in Paraguay indicates that it was divided into speakers of Spanish and English. As a result of the domination of Spanish language in the country, the English community was underrepresented, which caused English language’s disap pearance from Paraguay (Perez, 2015). Thus, even if language may have a majority of speakers worldwide, it may disappear from particular countries with no community support. Furthermore, there is a need for the discussion of language maintenance and language shift in the time of globalization. Thus, it is evident that the world speakers favor a small list of mostly spoken languages. Among the top five spoken languages in the world are Mandarin, English, Hindustani, Spanish, and Russian with over 1 billion, 508, 497, 392, and 277 million speakers respectively (â€Å"Top 10 most spoken languages in the world†, 2008). This fact means that in case there is a community of minor language speakers, its language may be exposed to danger of extinction or language death. Therefore, there is a need for the characteristics of the reasons and factors causing language disappearance Language Death A peculiar value of any language lies in the fact that it represents the vision of the world depicted through the perception of the speakers. Thus, the language death is a significant negative event, which causes a loss of cultural individuality represented by it. The existence of any language is supported by a broad range of political, economic, demographic, and social factors (Crystal, 2012). Therefore, these factors may also cause or stimulate the loss of a language. Furthermore, since language cannot be separated from its speakers, one may presume that the first languages appeared with the first humans and their organized communities. Scholars assume that if humans started speaking 200,000 years ago and the first language appeared 100,000 years ago, there might be between 64,000 and 140,000 languages ever existing (Brons, 2014). It is evident that some part of them is already dead, whereas approximately 2,500 of the existing ones are considered endangered (Kornai, 2013). Moreover , there are scientists, who estimate that the total number of languages may be higher up to the proportion of 50-90% of the assumed world’s 6,900 languages (Romaine, 2013). According to various claims, the result of this may be not only social, economic, or political factors but, additionally, the language environment. For instance, Romaine (2013) indicates that environmental changes of the past, which caused hunger and diseases, changed the ecosystems of the existing societies. As a result, their migration and assimilation led to the death of various language groups. However, developing the concept of the ecology of language, Romaine (2013) blends it with other features such as sociological and psychological conditions of each language along with their impact. Furthermore, some linguists mix sociolinguistic and biological theories in order to find the adequate explanation of the processes of the languages extinction. Thus, Ritchie (2014) refers to the study of Claude Hagege who traces the analogy between the existence of language and theories of evolution. Additionally, the author stresses that certain linguists explored this phenomenon through the prism of Darwinian concepts of natural selection, speciation, and extinction (Ritchie, 2014). A peculiar feature of his views is that he considered that a language may live even though it has no speakers but only written texts. In this sense, texts were regarded as autonomous reproductions of an extinct language. At the same time, Ritchie (2014) argues that the dying languages experience the processes of lexical, phonological, and grammatical erosion. As it is viewed by the scholar, these events are the result of the absence of intergenerational communication and the absence of younger speakers. Additionally, one should note that language death is a natural phenomenon, which is caused by the ignorance of a language towards social resistance and its assimilation into the dominant language (Canagarajah, 2015). Thus, despite scholar claims that psycholinguistic aspects of language assimilation require additional sociolinguistic research (Canagarajah, 2015), he discusses the phenomenon of linguistic emancipation. The example of the result of language death may be the Maliseet language, the only speaker of which has lost his linguistic knowledge at a young age (Sodikoff, 2012). As a result, the former speaker of Maliseet has lost one’s cultural reference and identity by means of assimilation with other culture. Consequently, scholars indicate that pidgin- and creole-speaking people are among those speakers, whose languages remain on the fringe of the world’s languages (Sodicoff, 2012). Therefore, they suffer from the pressure of bigger cultural communities and more popular languages, which, in turn, endanger their historically natural community and language. The discussed issue shows that the natural language shift towards more favored languages and cultures causes the overall language shift of minor language communities. As a result, younger speakers of these communities refuse to learn their own language and culture giving favor to more popular, useful, or easier language. At the same time, the endangered language itself experiences assimilative processes with the dominating language. The result of this is that its phonemic structure, grammatical structure, and the vocabulary obtain features from the host language. Thus, gradually, language shift causes language death. In order to resists these processes, minor language communities should develop language and culture preserving programs. These programs and initiatives should focus on language maintenance activities maintaining the unicity of the natural language of a peculiar community. As a result, the speakers would preserve cultural resistance towards the communities with major lang uage. Therefore, these actions would allow language to live even in the case of having underrepresented community of its speakers. Summarizing the presented information, the study comes to a conclusion that language maintenance, language shift, and language death are three significant factors for any society. The reason for this assumption is that any group of speakers has to have language maintenance with the aim of saving the unicity of their language and resisting assimilation. In contrast, language shift is a process of active relationship between the speakers of two languages characterized with a high degree of assimilation. A peculiar feature of this process is that minor language communities tend to lose the features of their languages when faced with major ones. As a result, gradual language shift towards the major culture causes the language death in minor culture. Such death is accompanied by the assimilation of phonemic and grammatical structures of the underrepresented language as well as its vocabulary. Therefore, minor communities require the establishment of measures and initiatives aimed at prese rving the existence of their languages. Consequently, the activities towards enhancing language maintenance in minor language community would allow avoiding language death.

Mental health nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Mental health nursing - Essay Example Understanding is most often than not can be achieved in careful study and research of behaviours, patterns, beliefs, among other prevalent practices and knowledge in the nursing and health care relations and practices. Likewise, it is very critical for every health care studies and research to adhere to scientific, systematic process as can be achieved through objective measurement, through the imposition of control in order to be able to describe, explore and explain (Playle, 1999) the nature of the subject matter under investigation. Benton and Cormack (2000) have been very instrumental in defining a format for the method of mental health research issues as they have designed it to identify strengths and weaknesses of every study for inclusion, assessed, and careful consideration allows that the more ambiguity there will be and hence greater care needed in drawing conclusions from the paper. The framework they have presented have always been used in most instances to help the process of critiquing as it is a comprehensive framework covering most points needed in the critiquing process. The framework may be applied to both qualitative and quantitative research but without very clear research questions or objectives, a study cannot progress in a systematic and efficient manner so that the researcher must have established a specific purpose for the study, thereby allowing decisions to be made about methods and resources, and ethical issues will be identified. Playle (1999) likewise pointed out that identification of the overall nature of research will lead to examination of more depth the two stages of the research process which are the development of research questions and establishing current knowledge through awareness of existing literatures. Cormack and Benton (2000) insisted that without very clear research questions or objectives, a study cannot progress in a systematic and efficient manner. Burns and Grove (1997) specified that much time is spent in narrowing down a broad area of interest although many research or studies have very specific questions, objectives and hypothesis. Still, clear purpose must be provided to guide the research process (Burns and Grove, 1997). DISCUSSION: With a premise that little evidence exists to indicate that community psychiatric nurses can achieve the results reported by expert cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), a study conducted by Turkington, et al (2000) aimed to "assess the effectiveness and safety of a brief cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) intervention in a representative community sample of patients with schizophrenia in secondary care settings." The study used the method of pragmatic randomized trial performed involving 422 patients and carers to compare a brief CBT intervention against treatment as usual and the results showed that "patients who received CBT (n=257) improved in overall symptomatology (P=0.015; number needed to treat [NNT]=13), insight (P

Exam #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exam #2 - Essay Example By implementing this program, the company gets the following benefits: Light and modified duty program offers cost savings opportunity for the company to control workers’ compensation and disability costs. A well developed Light and modified duty program must contain the senior management’s support and cultural acceptance by the location management of the program. In addition, a well-made light/modified duty program contains a detailed job description for each task done in the workplace. Potential questions include: A). will there be a rising cost of workers’ compensation and healthcare? –the answer to this question is no, the program in conjunction with the transitional duty will manage this. Also, it is more efficient to pay an employee working at 50% as opposed to paying for workers compensations which is 0% productivity to the company. B). in case of injury, which will be responsible? The answer to this question is, the responsible individuals include the injured employee, supervisor, and program coordinator a. Family medical leave act- Only serious health conditions of the employee constitutes a modified work program. This act is only relevant in cases where the employee has a serious accident, with the approval of a medical practioner. b. The Americans with disabilities act- This act enables employers to make permanent reservations for employees who are disabled. This means that disabled employees do light duty task. If no outcome is predestined for the light duty program and the employer requests no follow up information, the employer may be sued. Although the employee may be working under the light and modified duty programs, follow up data is necessary. c. Workers compensation statutes- Actual disabilities qualify someone for this act and for a modified work program. An employer may be sued if found to make a sick or injured employee work as

Single Member Plurality Electoral System Essay Example for Free

Single Member Plurality Electoral System Essay The Fallacy of the Single Member Plurality Electoral System Government efficiency is dependent on the capacity of the government to make decisions that mirror the views of the majority. This would require municipal representatives to be elected by at least half of the voters. This has not been the case in Canada. Electoral reform has been a highly debated issue throughout Canadian politics. Currently, Canada’s electoral system is being questioned for its inability to reflect the political views of its citizens. The single member plurality system (SMP), which Canada employs to fabricate a democratic election, can cause representatives to be elected without the majority of the popular vote. In contrast, the system of proportional representation eliminates an inequity in parliament composition by ensuring representation from every party that received votes. Although this system would inevitably result in minority governments, it would appropriately cater to the views of the constituents. To produce a more effective government, Canada’s single member plurality electoral system should be replaced by a system of proportional representation (PR). Another attempt to negate the effectiveness of the PR system is by charging that it would lead to the decline of responsible government. The reasoning behind this lies with the theory that PR disenfranchises a parties capability to â€Å"formulate policies, administer programs, make laws, submit budgets†(Barker, 287). Opponents contend that under PR, the government would be unable to garner enough confidence from the legislative branch. However, by looking at the opposite side of the spectrum, one would agree that this disadvantage is minimal compared to the policy making created through single member plurality. SMP encourages parties to form lowest common denominator policies in order to achieve a plurality of votes. Consequently, parties will create platforms that advocate policies that are indistinguishable to those of other party platforms. By providing ambiguous party principles, a constituent’s local MP can avoid being held accountable. In essence, â€Å"the plurality system encourages MPs and political parties to reflect some limited concerns of their geographic districts while ignoring the deeply held principles of the voters†(Heimstra and Jansen, 300). The only thing differentiating Canadian parties is their promise of â€Å"social benefits beyond what the economy could tolerate†(Irvine, 45). Since parties under PR do not have to compete for the median voter, â€Å"governing parties have less incentive to manipulate policy for short run ends†(Irvine, 50). As mentioned earlier, minority governments are likely to be assembled over a majority government under a PR system. This will entice legislature to form a coalition, thereby facilitating the demands of all the different regions comprising Canada. Eventually, long term policy making will be executed with less hesitation, as governments will soon realize that regardless the outcome of the following election, support for their proposed policy will still exist. The inability of the House of Commons to finalize long-term policy-making has stunted economic growth in Canada because of ineffective governments elected through SMP. The greatest disadvantage of single member plurality is its inhibiting effect on voter turnout. Voter turnout has been decreasing steadily as more people have come to the realization that their votes will not necessarily be accounted for. In Jeffrey Simpson’s book, The Friendly Dictatorship, the author reveals that â€Å"only 61 per cent of eligible Canadians bothered to vote in 2000, the lowest turnout by far since the Second World War†(Simpson, 144). It is important to note that Canada counts voter turnout by the number of people who vote in relation to the number of people on the electoral list. Since not everyone eligible to vote gets on the electoral list, the numbers are actually far lower than they appear. With a large number of eligible voters staying home, elected MPs do not have a real mandate to represent their constituents. This discrepancy has the potential to produce an ineffective government and a discontent amid the members of society. It has become increasingly important to determine the cause of this decreased interest in voting. electoral system is often described as a â€Å"first past the post† system. The way in which this system functions is that each voter is allowed one vote and the candidate with the most votes (or a plurality) becomes elected. Proportional representation, on the other hand, can be accomplished through a multitude of electoral methods. But for the sake of convenience, we will focus primarily on the two most notable systems: party list system, and mixed member proportional. The party list system used to achieve PR relies on the voter to choose the party they wish to support as opposed to the actual candidate.