Single Member Plurality Electoral System Essay Example for Free

Single Member Plurality Electoral System Essay The Fallacy of the Single Member Plurality Electoral System Government efficiency is dependent on the capacity of the government to make decisions that mirror the views of the majority. This would require municipal representatives to be elected by at least half of the voters. This has not been the case in Canada. Electoral reform has been a highly debated issue throughout Canadian politics. Currently, Canada’s electoral system is being questioned for its inability to reflect the political views of its citizens. The single member plurality system (SMP), which Canada employs to fabricate a democratic election, can cause representatives to be elected without the majority of the popular vote. In contrast, the system of proportional representation eliminates an inequity in parliament composition by ensuring representation from every party that received votes. Although this system would inevitably result in minority governments, it would appropriately cater to the views of the constituents. To produce a more effective government, Canada’s single member plurality electoral system should be replaced by a system of proportional representation (PR). Another attempt to negate the effectiveness of the PR system is by charging that it would lead to the decline of responsible government. The reasoning behind this lies with the theory that PR disenfranchises a parties capability to â€Å"formulate policies, administer programs, make laws, submit budgets†(Barker, 287). Opponents contend that under PR, the government would be unable to garner enough confidence from the legislative branch. However, by looking at the opposite side of the spectrum, one would agree that this disadvantage is minimal compared to the policy making created through single member plurality. SMP encourages parties to form lowest common denominator policies in order to achieve a plurality of votes. Consequently, parties will create platforms that advocate policies that are indistinguishable to those of other party platforms. By providing ambiguous party principles, a constituent’s local MP can avoid being held accountable. In essence, â€Å"the plurality system encourages MPs and political parties to reflect some limited concerns of their geographic districts while ignoring the deeply held principles of the voters†(Heimstra and Jansen, 300). The only thing differentiating Canadian parties is their promise of â€Å"social benefits beyond what the economy could tolerate†(Irvine, 45). Since parties under PR do not have to compete for the median voter, â€Å"governing parties have less incentive to manipulate policy for short run ends†(Irvine, 50). As mentioned earlier, minority governments are likely to be assembled over a majority government under a PR system. This will entice legislature to form a coalition, thereby facilitating the demands of all the different regions comprising Canada. Eventually, long term policy making will be executed with less hesitation, as governments will soon realize that regardless the outcome of the following election, support for their proposed policy will still exist. The inability of the House of Commons to finalize long-term policy-making has stunted economic growth in Canada because of ineffective governments elected through SMP. The greatest disadvantage of single member plurality is its inhibiting effect on voter turnout. Voter turnout has been decreasing steadily as more people have come to the realization that their votes will not necessarily be accounted for. In Jeffrey Simpson’s book, The Friendly Dictatorship, the author reveals that â€Å"only 61 per cent of eligible Canadians bothered to vote in 2000, the lowest turnout by far since the Second World War†(Simpson, 144). It is important to note that Canada counts voter turnout by the number of people who vote in relation to the number of people on the electoral list. Since not everyone eligible to vote gets on the electoral list, the numbers are actually far lower than they appear. With a large number of eligible voters staying home, elected MPs do not have a real mandate to represent their constituents. This discrepancy has the potential to produce an ineffective government and a discontent amid the members of society. It has become increasingly important to determine the cause of this decreased interest in voting. electoral system is often described as a â€Å"first past the post† system. The way in which this system functions is that each voter is allowed one vote and the candidate with the most votes (or a plurality) becomes elected. Proportional representation, on the other hand, can be accomplished through a multitude of electoral methods. But for the sake of convenience, we will focus primarily on the two most notable systems: party list system, and mixed member proportional. The party list system used to achieve PR relies on the voter to choose the party they wish to support as opposed to the actual candidate.

Anne Tylers classic novel, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant Essay

Anne Tyler's classic novel, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant In Anne Tyler's classic novel, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant, the reader experiences a variety of conflicts between parent and child, one of the most apparent being that between Pearl Tull and her eldest son, Cody. These two characters never seem to see eye to eye, as Pearl prefers to see only the negative aspects of her children. Cody never truly relates to Pearl and her manic ways. As the conflict unfolds between Pearl and Cody, the deeper meaning of the story is revealed; there is never a perfect family, but nonetheless, theirs is a family. As the first child, Cody is expected to excel and be the ideal son. He establishes a rebellious personality once his younger brother Ezra is born. Because of this brotherly competition, he and Pearl never really get along. Whether or not they even truly loved each other is an idea to be questioned. Pearl doesn't like the idea that Cody might, for once in his life, be better than Ezra. The reader sees this in chapter 2, when Pearl insists that Ezra try to shoot ... Anne Tyler's classic novel, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant Essay Anne Tyler's classic novel, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant In Anne Tyler's classic novel, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant, the reader experiences a variety of conflicts between parent and child, one of the most apparent being that between Pearl Tull and her eldest son, Cody. These two characters never seem to see eye to eye, as Pearl prefers to see only the negative aspects of her children. Cody never truly relates to Pearl and her manic ways. As the conflict unfolds between Pearl and Cody, the deeper meaning of the story is revealed; there is never a perfect family, but nonetheless, theirs is a family. As the first child, Cody is expected to excel and be the ideal son. He establishes a rebellious personality once his younger brother Ezra is born. Because of this brotherly competition, he and Pearl never really get along. Whether or not they even truly loved each other is an idea to be questioned. Pearl doesn't like the idea that Cody might, for once in his life, be better than Ezra. The reader sees this in chapter 2, when Pearl insists that Ezra try to shoot ...

Ethical Delima

This case presents an ethical dilemma, a situation which arises when one must choose between mutually exclusive alternatives (Beauchamp& Walters, 2003). Decisions may have results that are desirable in some respects and undesirable in others. In Juana's case, her decision to refuse the blood transfusion had the desired outcome of allowing her to remain true to her religious beliefs. However, her choice also resulted in her death. If she had followed the recommendation of the physicians and the team, the desirable outcome would have been possible survival but would have had the undesired effect of violating her religious principles.The major ethical dilemma was that by honoring the patient's autonomy and religious beliefs, the physicians and interdisciplinary team were faced with compromising their moral duty to administer professional care in accordance with established standards (Chua & Tham, 2006). A brief review of the literature of Nursing Collection II: Lippincott Nursing Journa ls (from Ovid) and CINAHL databases for the past 5 years found no evidence to support best practice for a Jehovah's Witness who is pregnant and has experienced blunt trauma.Healthcare providers faced with this situation have sometimes attempted to obtain court orders that would overrule the patient's decision and result in her submitting to recommended medical treatment. For example, the Illinois Supreme Court (Illinois v. Brown, 1996) upheld a mother's decision to refuse blood transfusions even though they were vital for both the mother's and fetus' survival. The Patient's Bill of Rights states that the healthcare providers' responsibility is to give patients accurate information and that patients must consent to treatment (New York State Department of Health, 2008).This is consistent with the Federal government's recommendations to create guidelines that assure healthcare quality and to reaffirm the critical role consumers play in safeguarding their own health, (United States Depa rtment of Health and Human Services, 1999). Nursing practice is governed by the patient's right to autonomy rather than her religious beliefs (Levy, 1999). The first item in the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code for Nurses with Interpretative Statements (2001) addresses respect for human dignity:â€Å"Truth telling and the process of reaching informed choice underlie the exercise of self-determination, which is basic to respect for person †¦ Clients have the moral right to determine what will be done with their own person; to be given accurate information, and all the information necessary for making informed judgments; to be assisted with weighing the benefits and burdens of options in their treatment; to accept, refuse, or terminate treatment without coercion; and to be given necessary emotional support† (p. 1).However, it is difficult to witness death based on a person's decision to forgo care when medical options to sustain life are available. Treating this type of patient becomes particularly challenging when it involves two lives. Virtue ethics To analyze this ethical dilemma, the principles of Western medicine and the religious beliefs of Jehovah's Witnesses were examined. The questions that surfaced were (a) how would the application of virtue ethics provide insight into Juana's situation, (b) what were the ethical principles in conflict, and (c) why was it an issue to administer a blood transfusion to Juana in an emergency situation.Volbrecht's framework for ethical analysis was utilized to address the clinical dilemma and the questions listed above. Virtue ethics was the primary theory employed prior to the 17th century. This theory centers on shared familial and cultural histories and religious traditions and acknowledges the community's ability to identify, interpret, prioritize, and adjust to moral considerations within a particular context (Volbrecht, 2002). The following is an exposition of this case according to virtue ethics. Virtue ethics focuses on what is morally correct from the patient's viewpoint and centers on the patient's autonomy.Actions and character are intertwined, and the ability to act morally is contingent on one's moral character and integrity. Virtue ethics focuses on the context of the situation (Volbrecht, 2002). Ethical analysis of virtue ethics entails (a) identifying the problem, (b) analyzing context, (c) exploring options, (d) applying the decision process, and (e) implementing the plan and evaluating results (Volbrecht, 2002). Identifying the problem Juana, a 20-year-old Hispanic woman, 32 weeks pregnant, was involved in a car accident. Internal bleeding to the thoracic or abdominal cavity was suspected.The stakeholders were the woman, her husband, the fetus, and the interdisciplinary healthcare team. The team thought the best method of treatment for this patient was to administer a blood transfusion and perform an emergency cesarean section. Both the patient and her husband ref used this option because of their religious beliefs and provided written documentation indicating that the patient would not accept blood or blood products. The value issues were the physical survival of the woman and her fetus versus the woman's religious integrity. Analyzing contextTo understand the decision-making process in this case, one must consider the ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, compassion, and respect. The patient's religious beliefs and how they influenced her decision must also be taken into consideration. Gardiner (2003) confirms that the ethical principles mentioned above influence one's choices. In Juana's case, the healthcare team suspected she was experiencing internal bleeding and that she and the fetus were in physiological distress. Juana's decision to reject the proposed treatment was based on her stated religious beliefs.The contextual factors of this case centered on the patient's religious beliefs. The patient stated she would â€Å"rather be embraced in the hollow bosom of Jehovah than to be condemned for all eternity,† if she should receive a blood transfusion. Nurses draw from the code of ethics to reflect upon and understand the person's perspective, and to honor her wishes. â€Å"The nurse provides services with respect for human dignity and the uniqueness of the client, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal attributes or the nature of the health problem† (ANA, 2001, p.1). To respect the patient's decision and honor her dignity, supportive care was provided to the patient in an effort to save her life, while at the same time respecting her wishes. The ANA Code of Ethics supports the point of view that healthcare providers should respect patients' wishes and decisions despite their own personal beliefs (ANA, 2001). Applying an ethical decision process Looking through the lens of virtue ethics, the caregivers focused on Juana's autonomy and her ri ght to choose what she perceived best in spite of the possible outcomes.Juana was a competent, pregnant woman who made informed decisions not to receive blood transfusions or a caesarean section. Based on virtue ethics, the healthcare providers respected the patient's autonomy by reflecting on and honoring the decision of the patient and her husband based on her religious values and beliefs. The healthcare providers also drew on the principle of beneficence, which centers on promoting the well-being of others. In this case, the well-being was not physiological but spiritually oriented.The principle of nonmaleficence was also employed by not intentionally inflicting harm on the patient and honoring her wishes. Violation of a client's deeply held beliefs is a form of doing harm. (Leonard & Plotnikoff, 2000). They also drew from the principles of veracity and respect, which entail being truthful to the patient and allowing her to make an informed decision (Volbrecht, 2002). The nursing virtues of compassion, moral courage, and self-reliance also contribute to an understanding of this situation. Evaluating resultsAt the time this clinical situation presented itself there were no specific guidelines in the institution for dealing with the dilemma presented by this case. However, there are guidelines for Jehovah's Witnesses specifically geared to early identification and management of gynecological patients. For example, in Australasia, there are specific guidelines for treating pregnant women that focus on stabilizing the patient by using traditional and new treatment modalities to meet patient needs, particularly for Jehovah's Witnesses or other patients who decline blood transfusions (Women's Hospitals Australasia, 2005).For antepartum patients, the guidelines focus on early identification of Jehovah's Witnesses during prenatal visits, as well as placing these patients on a high risk protocol, including maintenance of high hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, having advance directives completed, and establishing affiliations with other hospitals that are well-equipped and staffed to meet these patients' needs (Women's Hospitals Australasia, 2005). The Hartford Hospital in Connecticut has a similar program and also performs bloodless procedures on patients who are Jehovah's Witnesses (Miller, 1996).As a result of Juana's case being reviewed by the ethics committee post-mortem, a risk-management protocol was developed requiring patients who refuse blood transfusions to sign a waiver that removes the legal responsibility for the decision from the hospital and caregivers. To support this type of protocol, the Society for the Advancement of Blood Management maintains a database of hospitals that provide blood-conserving services in the United States as well as in Canada, Chile, Korea, and South Africa (Society for the Advancement of Blood Management, 2008).The problem, however, in an emergency situation is that it may not be possible to get the pat ient to a participating hospital. The Watchtower Bible and Tract Society (2004) recommends that advance directives and other legal papers be in place should an emergency arise. These documents should be easily accessible so that healthcare providers can honor the patient's directives. In so doing, they will be applying the theory of virtue ethics and, therefore, respect the patient's wishes (Macklin, 2003).Healthcare providers should practice beneficence and non-maleficence without imposing their beliefs as to the right thing to do. More explicit and universal guidelines would benefit both patients and providers when faced with similar ethical dilemmas. Conclusion In nursing practice, cases of patients refusing blood transfusions or other interventions are becoming more common. Therefore, content regarding ethical issues, such as Juana's case, needs to be integrated into nursing curricula and the clinical arena.Nursing educators who incorporate bioethics into critical thinking in cl inical decision making situations can prepare novice and experienced nurses to handle complex ethical dilemmas, such as described in this paper. The learning process may be facilitated through integrating lectures with case studies and utilizing patient simulators to further enhance the learning process (Larew et al. , 2006).These teaching approaches would provide the opportunity to expose nurses to scenarios of acute patients where they can intervene in a safe environment, which in turn would decrease their anxiety and promote learning. Nurse educators can further facilitate the learning process by providing clinical experiences with diverse patient populations in a variety of settings followed by discussion of actual clinical experiences, ethical issues, and debriefing (Larew et al. , 2006).Nursing faculty have an ethical responsibility to prepare competent nurses and facilitate continuing education that will help nurses recognize ethical dilemmas in practice and apply ethical pri nciples in trying to resolve them. The focus in practice, education, and research must be on providing care that respects patients' cultural beliefs and autonomy. Nursing educators should place equal emphasis on ethics in order to provide the best holistic care possible. To do anything else is a disservice both to the profession and to our patients.

Firewood Species Burning Properties and Comparisons

Hitler Blindfolded Germany Elie Wiesels Night Essay

Promises of honor and prosperity, blind folded Germany and granted Hitler the power to implement his Final Solution. The Holocaust ravaged Europe, hopelessly Jews were slaughtered and fed to the flames. In attempt to cheat death, Jews could hide among loyal neighbors or confront the horrors in a Concentration Camp and pray for liberation, either path was a perilous journey. Elie Wiesel endured years of starvation and oppression in Concentration Camps, while Bronia Beker was constantly on the run and hiding from the Nazis. The turmoil of war spreads to the quiet hometowns, family crisis and separation, and the the living conditions, define Elie and Bronia. Elie and Bronia’s unique perspectives of the Holocaust differ in the actual†¦show more content†¦Joseph and Bronia were liberated by the Russians in 1944, and were later married. Elie Wiesel, a pious boy, grew up in Sighet with his family until anti-Semitism imprisoned all Jews in ghettos skirted with barbed wir e. The Jews of his town, were upbeat and grateful, despite the hard times, to be together as a religious community. Bronia’s Polish hometown of Kosowa was also separated into ghettos. When the Nazis planned to liquidate the ghettos, Bronia’s family hid away in a small 12x6 foot underground room with a pipe installed for air circulation, in contrast Elie’s family marched from their home with a few souvenirs to a destination of unknown fate. Each families’ decision resulted in two extremely different experiences, in which both struggle to survive through starvation, persecution, mental and physical abuse. The Holocaust is infamous for tearing families apart. Elie and Bronia both suffered the same fate. Elie’s family was shipped to a concentration camp by the Nazis during the liquidation of Sighet, then the Jews were divided by gender. The women of Elie’s family were most likely murdered in a crematorium and Elie’s father died short ly before the Jews were liberated. In comparison to Elie, Bronia was separated from her family, when Nazis blocked the airway to their family’s underground hiding spot and Bronia was the lone survivor. She then

The Definition Of Ethical Hacking - 2042 Words

The definition of ethical hacking The definition of ethics depends on how a person views a subject, each person has a different view than another and because of this it makes defining ethical hacking very difficult. Ethics come from how a person is brought up, life experiences, discussions with others and laws and regulations where they live. A person may not agree with some of them but the majority of them they will understand and agree with. Ethics change as you age, which is why in many countries they have different court systems for dealing with cases of people below the age of 18 (or age of â€Å"adulthood†), as they do not believe the person capable of criminal intent in the same way an adult can be. Ethics are different in different†¦show more content†¦Both sides of this argument are viewed as being ethically correct as the people who believe each side believe they are doing the right thing. People in different cultures and locations have differing attitudes to differing issues, this makes defining ethical hacking hard. Ethical hacking is performed by Ethical hackers, who are computer and networking experts that attempt to breach a computers security system to find weaknesses that a malicious hacker could abuse. There isn’t a complete definition of ethical hacking as personal views of ethics and how ethical hacking is conducted change between organisation and person. Ethical hackers create contracts with companies and their employers to protect themselves from any legal ramifications for what they do, these contracts change every time they perform a job as each company will require a different set of objectives completing which may include testing completely different systems. Ethics and morality in ethical hacking Ethics and morality are slightly different concepts; ethics are rules and are recognized by external social factors whereas morals come from an individual while something may be ethically correct it doesn’t necessarily mean it’s morally correct to a person. This is very important in ethical hacking as when hacking for certain companies it may be

Navigating Globalization Immigration Policy - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Navigating Globalization and Immigration Policy. Answer: Introduction With globalization, organizations have expanded in different parts of the world. The large companies in the world like Google, Microsoft, Amazon have their presence in almost every country. The expansion of organizations in global world has increased corporate responsibility for organizations. There is an interesting debate around the corporate strategy and responsibility of organizations in global world and international market. This is definitely an interesting debate! Campbell Tham (2014) argued that it is a combination of both reason being; with globalization, not only does one benefit economically, financially, technologically but also through spread of knowledge. The west has been fortunate enough to ripe from such benefits hence their development level. To get to where they are, they have had to constantly adjust and move with the changing times. Competition is one of the biggest driving factors of businesses; employment rules have been adjusted to fit the era- people are no longer hired only based on skills but also competencies that are useful in achieving the organizations success; the workforce is more culturally diverse than ever before; international cooperation is the current hit witnessed through economic blocks, union, etc. Amidst these tough challenges, organizations have to make their way forward. The expansion of organizations has also changed the visa market (Capling Nossal, 2001). With organizations, there has been an increase in the movement of people across borders. One of the most widely used Visa to work in Australia is Visa 457. This visa is being used to fulfill the shortage of the skilled labor in the country. The objective of this paper is to discuss the arrival of Amazon in Australia and to discuss the impact of 457 visa. The paper is divided into parts. The first part discusses the entry of Amazon in Australia and the second party discusses the impact of 457 visa. Arrival of Amazon in Australia Amazon is a multinational organization that was founded in the year 1994 by Jeff Bezos. Today, it is the largest Internet-based retailer in the world by total sales and market capitalization. The company has the revenue of more than $135 billion and it has an employee strength of 3,41,000. Amazon considers Australia as one of the key markets as Australia contributes a lot towards organizational development. Today in the globalized world, conscious capitalism is the conscious of doing business the right way and being authentic; however, the difficult part for organizations is understanding in what ways they are able to be authentic when running a business (Hampson, 2014). Today, Amazon is a known brand in the country and the business has been proven beneficial for different stakeholders. The key benefits of Amazon entry in Australian market can be discussed as: The most important benefit with the arrival of Amazon is the increase in the options of choices for end-consumers. Among all the stakeholders, end-consumers are the one which has been benefited a lot. Today, consumers in Sydney can get the products with their finger tip. This has been possible only with the expansion of Amazon in Australia market. The entry of Amazon in Australian market has also increased the competitiveness in the market. Today, the existing players in the market find it difficult to maintain any monopoly in the market. This has been possible only because of increased competition (Velayutham, 2013). With Amazon, the existing players also have to give the discount and this has ultimately helped end-consumers a lot. From the perspective of government, the benefit with the entry of Amazon is the creation of more job opportunities. The entry of Amazon and other multinational organizations has created tremendous job opportunities in the local Australian market. Amazon i s an American multinational but it can bring all the employees from USA to operate in Australia. The benefit for society is the available of products without any problems. Today, the consumers in Sydney can get the products from the Indian sellers that are listed on Amazon. With the forces of globalization and the entry of Amazon in Australian market, the world has really become a small place. Today, consumes have access to the product and services from different nations at their door steps. Amazon is an e-commerce company that has the listing of all retail items. The retail industry in Australian has grown significantly with the entry of Amazon (Mares, 2012). The impact of arrival of Amazon on retail, wholesale and throughout the way business is done can be discussed as: Impact on retail, whole sale and through the way business is done Australia is one of the most favorable countries in terms of trade. Whether the domestic trade or the international trade, Australia is one of the most favorable countries for trading. The country has a very open market with less restriction than any other developed country. Domestic investors as well as the foreign investors are more than happy with the legal as well as the political environment of Australia. There are numerous commodities and services that Australia trade. With the entry of Amazon in Australia, the retail sector has got the required push. There is an increase in the growth of whole sale market also. It would be correct to say that the entire business in the country has become competitive with the entry of Amazon in the Australian market. Possibly, one of the biggest advantages of Amazon is the positive sentiments among people. Today, Australian citizens have abundant resources at their disposal (Robertson, 2014). The peoples mindset on Amazon coming to Australia ca n be discussed as: Australia is a country that is willing and actively trading with the entire world. In fact, within the last 20 years, Australias government has been establishing a strong network with many nations, which share commonalities in history, political point of views, culture through a country-to-country trade as well as international investment. Australia plays a vigorous role in not only regional but also worldwide organizations. One of many examples is, together with 50 other countries, Australia was a founder of the United Nations, which is an international organization that encourage global collaboration (Boese Campbell, 2013). With the entry of Amazon in Australia, the people mindset has been really positive. The people in the country has welcomes the move as now they have more options. The Australian citizens are happy as the entry of Amazon has increased the competition in the market and today people can easily switch the retailers. The entry of Amazon and the expansion of e-commer ce has also reduced the entry barriers and the switching barriers. The only stakeholders that may not like or welcome the entry of Amazon in Australian market would be the existing retailers in the country like Coles and Myer (Wellings, 2014). The relevance of Amazon in Australia for large retailers like Coles and Myer can be discussed as: Relevance of Amazons entry for large retailers like Coles and Myer The large retailers of the country like Cole and Myer may not welcome the step of Amazon entry in the country as it has weakened their strategic position in the market. With the entry of Amazon, people have realized the importance and benefits of electronic channel and e-commerce. Recently, Coles and Myer have also launched their e-commerce arms. However, in Australian context, it is very difficult for the local players to reach the scale of Amazon. Moreover, Amazon is a giant in e-commerce industry (Walsh, 2008). The company has the ability to sustain the losses and keep attracting the consumers mind of share and mind of wallet. This strategy is actually not feasible for Coles and Myer in long term. It is critical that the existing retailers in the country like Coles and Myer must use the strategic management approaches like horizontal integration or vertical integration to give tough competition to Amazon. The 457 visa provides two main alternatives: business sponsorship and self-sponsorship. The full title of this subclass of visa was Temporary Business (Long Stay) and was introduced soon after John Howard became Prime Minister in 1996. There was a change in the title of the visa to Temporary Work (Skilled) (Subclass 457) visa on 24 November 2012. The people who hold the 457 Visa can work in Australia for a period of 4 years. The Visa holders can also bring their partner and family along for that period. There are chances that this Visa might get abolished by the government. The government is in a fix for this Visa. At one side, government wants to fix the issue of lack of skilled labor in the country. On other side, the government wants that the jobs should be first distributed to Australian citizens and the entry of outside people should not have any impact on local citizens (Wesley, 2000). This Visa is actually an answer to handle the shortage of skills in certain industry. It can be discussed in more detail as: Australia is the fundamental post-industrialized economy that avoided the world money related downturn that happened. Nevertheless, Australia's associates have persevered through money related retreats, which has moreover impacted Australia's passage economy. The government of Australia has always focused to protect its domestic industries. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2016) highlighted that for the period 2015-2016, Australia heavily imported some major products including passenger motor vehicles, refined petroleum, telecom equipment and parts, computers and medicaments. On the other hand, the country was also a great exporter, which delivers several major types of goods to the rest of the world. Such products include mining and resources: irons ores, gold, coals, natural gas and beef. With the 457 Visa in place the government wants to ensure that the domestic industries which are export oriented should continue to grow. There are lot of strategic issues associated with 457 Visa (Birrell Healy, 2016). These strategic issues and the perception that it gives to the external world can be discussed as: Strategic issues One of the key strategic issue with this visa is that it is granted only for 4 years. There was a time when it was very easy to get the Visa. However, the regulations have tightened in recent times. However, government wants that the perception should be positive at least among the top trade partners of the country. The G20 countries are the top priority for Australias trade policy. Besides G20, commonwealth nations are also among the key trading partners of Australia. Other countries such as US, Britain, Mexico, Turkey and Korea are also very significant trade partners of Australia (Birrell Healy, 2016). It is also important to understand the issues and the viewpoint of Australian government. The broader view of Australian government on policy implementation can be discussed as: According to the survey, the Australia is the 4th largest economy in the Asian region as well as 12th largest economy in the world. Australian government monitors its trade according to the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. There are Regional, Bilateral and Multinational kind of trade. As discussed above, the government is in a fix for this Visa. At one side, government wants to fix the issue of lack of skilled labor in the country. On other side, the government wants that the jobs should be first distributed to Australian citizens and the entry of outside people should not have any impact on local citizens (Birrell Healy, 2016). The arrival of imported goods has brought many benefits for Australian consumers and businesses. Imported products coming into Australia with the free flow of goods and with tax benefits, result in a cheaper product, even if taxed, this amount is not so great. The government wants that it should continue. However, the jobs of local people should not be compromised. It is also important to understand the impact of 457 Visa on management consultancy business in Australia. This impact cane be discussed in detail as: It can be said that the restriction of 457 Visa would not have positive impact on management consultancy business in Australia. The management consultancy business in Australia is always dependent on skilled resources that it gets from domestic and international market (Wright, 2014). The restriction of 457 Visa is not a welcomed step by management consultancy business. Conclusion The above paper discusses the impact of arrival of Amazon in Australian market and impact of 457 visa. By viewing the given information, it is a lot easier to analyze the trend of trade in the global market. Although Australia is one of the most globalize country in the world, the country is taking very aggressive steps towards globalization. The relations between Australia and other countries have become healthier in recent years. There are minimum restrictions to the trade in Australia when we talk about international trade (Hawthorne, 2012). This has changed the idea of foreign investment in the country and boosted trade with foreign countries. The production is witnessing boom with the gates of foreign investment opened. The government is providing favorable conditions to the investors. The trade of Australia contributed almost two-thirds of Australias economic growth. In coming year, it is expected to grow even further. It can be concluded that management consultancy business wo uld not be very happy with the restrictions imposed on 457 Visa. However, it is important that the local players in the country should find a way forward to address the skill shortage problem in the country. At the same time, government should also think from a long-term perspective. A sustainable solution could be achieved with an integrated approach among all the stakeholders like government, management consultancy businesses, organizations, employers, employees, citizens and society at large. References Birrell, B. and Healy, E., 2016. Globalization, Immigration Policy, and Youth Employment in Australia. InCreating Social Cohesion in an Interdependent World(pp. 263-280). Palgrave Macmillan US. Boese, M., Campbell, I., Roberts, W. and Tham, J.C., 2013. Temporary migrant nurses in Australia: Sites and sources of precariousness.The Economic and Labour Relations Review,24(3), pp.316-339. Campbell, I. and Tham, J.C., 2014. Labour market deregulation and temporary migrant labour schemes: An analysis of the 457 visa program. Capling, A. and Nossal, K.R., 2001. Death of distance or tyranny of distance? The Internet, deterritorialization, and the anti-globalization movement in Australia.The Pacific Review,14(3), pp.443-465. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2016). Australia and the world. Retrieved from https://dfat.gov.au/trade/resources/Documents/aust.pdf Hampson, I., 2014. Between control and consensus: globalization and Australia's enigmatic corporatism.The Global Economy, National States and the Regulation of Labour, p.138. Hawthorne, L., 2012. International medical migration: what is the future for Australia.MJA Open,1(Suppl 3), pp.18-21. Mares, P., 2012. Temporary migration and its implications for Australia.Papers on Parliament, (57). Robertson, S., 2014. Time and temporary migration: The case of temporary graduate workers and working holiday makers in Australia.Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,40(12), pp.1915-1933. Velayutham, S., 2013. Precarious experiences of Indians in Australia on 457 temporary work visas.The Economic and Labour Relations Review,24(3), pp.340-361. Walsh, J., 2008, December. Navigating Globalization: Immigration Policy in Canada and Australia, 194520071. InSociological Forum(Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 786-813). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Wellings, B., 2014. Lest you forget: Memory and Australian nationalism in a global era.Nation, memory and great war commemoration: Mobilizing the past in Europe, Australia and New Zealand, pp.45-59. Wesley, M., 2000. Nationalism and globalization in Australia.Nationalism and globalization: East and West, p.175. Wright, C.F., 2014. How do states implement liberal immigration policies? Control signals and skilled immigration reform in Australia.Governance,27(3), pp.397-421.